理解GIL多線程的真相不少資深程序員編寫代碼歷經多年, 多線程運用極為熟練。一旦詢問GIL是什么, 便吞吞吐吐難以作答。這情形如同驅車行駛時不看后視鏡, 只是一味向前猛沖。終究是早晚會出問題的。GIL的全名是Lock, 也就是全局解釋器鎖。這東西是解釋器當中的一種機制。它規(guī)定在同一時刻, 僅有一個線程能夠執(zhí)行字節(jié)碼。其他線程要是想干活? 那就只能等著了。你或許會認為這并不合理, 在多核CPU的時代狀況下, 存在一個鎖將性能限制得極為嚴格, 然而, 這算得上是設計方面具有的缺陷嗎? 并非如此, 在它誕生的那個時候, 單核CPU屬于主流情況, GIL使得內存管理變得較為簡便, 無需去思考多個線程之間開展搶奪資源情況的問題, 許多底層的C擴展庫同樣是依據(jù)這樣的一種假設而編寫完成的?？偟膩碇v, GIL是出于安全方面考量所設置的“單行道”, 其帶來的益處在于, 對于普通開發(fā)者而言, 不容易編寫出存在內存泄漏情況的并發(fā)代碼, 然而, 其存在的弊端則是, 對于計算密集型的多線程程序來說, 在多核機器上運行時, 所呈現(xiàn)出的速度跟單線程運行時一樣緩慢。為你編寫一個爬蟲, 開啟20個線程去抓取網頁, 工作線程在大部分時間里都處于等待網絡響應的狀態(tài), 此時的CPU處于空閑狀況, GIL于這個時候基本不會產生干擾, 網絡IO的速度相當迅速, 轉瞬之間便釋放鎖, 其他線程能夠接力, 這樣的場景下多線程不存在問題。但倘若你運用寫圖像處理, 又或者運行一個用來計算圓周率的死循環(huán), 那就糟糕了。每一個線程僅僅能夠獲取到極少的CPU時間片, 不停地切換變動, 其效率甚至比不上單線程。你望著CPU使用率僅僅只有100%, 然而卻開啟了8個線程, 進而懷疑人生。有人進行詢問, 可不可以將GIL去掉, 答案是肯定的, 但所付出的代價太過于巨大, 一旦去掉GIL那么原本的垃圾回收全部都需要重新去編寫, 所有基于C的第三方庫都有可能會崩潰當下的生態(tài)實在是太過龐大了, 若想要變動這個根基, 基本上是不可能的事情。那個情況下該如何處理呢? 存在著相應的途徑。對于CPU密集型的任務, 要選用特定的模塊。采用多進程的方式, 并且每個進程都具備自身獨立的GIL, 它們之間相互不會產生干擾。然而其不足之處在于, 你必須自行去處理進程之間的通信問題。而且數(shù)據(jù)共享相較于多線程而言更為繁雜。對于IO密集型之類的任務而言, 直接采用多線程來處理?；蛘哌\用在.4之后才加入的那種方式, 也就是執(zhí)行異步編程, 處于單線程環(huán)境里借助事件循環(huán)對IO請求予以處理。其效率較比多線程還要高, 并且還不會受到GIL的影響。了解到GIL的存在, 并非是要去抱怨它。其目的在于選擇方案時, 能夠做到心里有相應的底數(shù)。當采用框架時, 舉例來說, 它處理請求默認采用的是多線程方式。大部分業(yè)務邏輯主要耗時在于查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫, 其中IO占據(jù)了主要的時間部分。GIL并非是瓶頸所在。要是去編寫一個實時視頻處理服務, 倘若還用那一套多線程方式, 那就等著遭遇挫折吧。仍舊存在著一個微小的細節(jié)之處, 關于GIL在設計層面存在著不少的優(yōu)化舉措, 舉例而言, 線程如若處于等待IO的狀況下就會主動去釋放GIL, 并且在.2之后還引入了一些改進內容, 促使GIL在切換之際能夠更為公平, 不會出現(xiàn)致使某個線程被餓死然而依舊是那句話表示, 針對于計算密集型的多線程而言, 其性能層面的瓶頸恰恰就在那個鎖上頭。我曾見識過一些項目, 在面試之際聲稱運用了多線程來提高性能。待代碼映入眼簾, 卻發(fā)現(xiàn)是計算型任務, 且運行于服務器之上。那所謂的多線程純粹是為了面試而編寫的, 實際上毫無提升效果。這般之人恰似僅僅踩踏油門卻不留意路況, 遲早會撞上墻壁。對于實際操作的人而言, 搞相關東西時, 可不寫多線程。然而, 一旦提及GIL, 那就得明確說出它是啥, 知道其影響在何處, 曉得該如何去繞開它。這乃是基礎能力。這般情形就如同老司機在掛擋之前會先掃瞧一眼后視鏡一樣。并非每天都會運用到這一點。但要是碰到需要變道超車的狀況, 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